what is a calorie How do calories relate to the gaining or losing of weight within the body?

Calorie

A gross gauge of calorie expenditure tin exist obtained by using the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for energy requirements, based on the child's age, weight, height, and physical activity, and also based on the Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, and National Academy of Sciences guidelines (Dietary Reference Intakes: Recommended Intakes for Individuals in 2006) (http://world wide web.iom.edu/Reports.aspx).

From: Pediatric Surgery (Seventh Edition) , 2012

Nutrition Basics: What Is Inside Food, How Information technology Functions and Salubrious Guidelines

Jacqueline B. Marcus MS, RD, LD, CNS, FADA , in Culinary Nutrition, 2013

Empty Calories

Empty calories refer to the calories in nutrient-poor foods and beverages, such as processed or soft drinks. Empty calories still contain calories, but they may exist devoid of nutrients and other health-enhancing substances such equally fiber, minerals, protein and vitamins. For example, 15 jelly beans contain 159 calories, the majority of which are from carbohydrate. One-quarter loving cup of raisins contains 122 calories. While many of these calories are from carbohydrate, raisins also contain cobweb, vitamins and minerals. Consuming fewer empty calories is sensible for both weight and wellness.

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NUTRITIONAL ISSUES IN THE PATIENT WITH DIABETES AND FOOT ULCERS

MARY D. LITCHFORD , in Levin and O'Neal's The Diabetic Foot (7th Edition), 2008

Recommended Calorie Needs

Recommended calorie levels for wound healing vary from 25 to 30 calories per kilogram of trunk weight ³⁴ to 30 to twoscore calories per kilogram of body weight. ^{35– 36} Tube-fed residents with and without peel breakdown were evaluated for nutritional status by assessing their albumin and hemoglobin levels. Individuals with force per unit area ulcers had lower albumin and hemoglobin levels despite receiving 32 calories per kilogram of trunk weight and 1.iv grams of protein per kilogram of body weight. ³⁷ Breslow (1993) ²⁴ reported improved wound healing in nursing home residents receiving 40 calories per kilogram of torso weight. The AHRQ Guidelines for the Treatment of Pressure level Ulcers (1994) ¹¹ recommend xxx to 35 calories per kilogram of torso weight for individuals with pressure ulcers who are malnourished. ³⁸

Calorie needs will vary according to the phase of the wound, the stage of wound healing, comorbidities, age, and current body weight. Severely underweight individuals might require more than calories per kilogram than do individuals at or virtually desirable weight. ³⁹ The elderly patient might require boosted calories owing to an inefficient utilization of nutrients or a demand for weight gain.

BMI and percentage of desirable body weight are two methods that are used to make up one's mind if calorie needs are existence met. Still, if the body'southward metabolism is pathologically altered such that nutrient employ to make energy is inefficient, the substrates will exist recycled to fat and glucose rather than poly peptide. While weight or BMI might be stable, the wound might not exist improving.

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Weight Management: Finding the Healthy Rest

Jacqueline B. Marcus MS, RD, LD, CNS, FADA , in Culinary Nutrition, 2013

Calories

A calorie (from the Latin calor, meaning "heat") is a unit of energy. It was start called a "kilogram-calorie" by Nicolas Clément, a French physicist and chemist, in 1824 [11]. Today, the term calorie has two meanings: the small calorie (cal) and the large calorie, kilocalorie (kcal). The calorie (cal) is the amount of heat or energy that is required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water past 1°C. The kilocalorie (kcal) is the amount of heat or free energy that is needed to increment the temperature of ane kilogram of h2o by one°C. This is the proper noun that is commonly used to describe nutrient energy. For example, one gram of sugar or poly peptide has iv kilocalories, 1 gram of alcohol has 7 kilocalories, and ane gram of fat has 9 kilocalories. Common usage has dropped the prefix "kilo," merely this is the accurate designation.

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Health promotion

Professor Crispian Scully CBE, Physician, PhD, MDS, MRCS, FDSRCS, FDSRCPS, FFDRCSI, FDSRCSE, FRCPath, FMedSci, FHEA, FUCL, FBS, DSc, DChD, DMed (HC), Dr (hc) , in Scully's Medical Problems in Dentistry (Seventh Edition), 2014

Diet

The keys to a good for you diet are eating the right amount of food for the activity undertaken and eating a range of foods to ensure a counterbalanced diet. This includes: fruit and vegetables; wholegrain bread, pasta and rice; some protein-rich foods such as meat, fish, eggs and lentils; and some dairy foods. The nutrition must also be low in fat (specially saturated fatty), salt and sugar. Generous amounts of vegetables and fruit daily announced to protect against cancers of stomach, colon and lung, and possibly against cancers of the oral fissure, larynx, cervix, bladder and chest. Carbohydrates as wholegrain unrefined products may assist protect against colon cancer, diverticulitis and caries. A loftier-fibre diet may also offer some protection against hypertension and IHD. Minimizing the intake of saturated fats (especially those from dairy sources) and partially halogenated vegetable fats may lower the risk of IHD and some cancers. Fix meals, convenience foods and takeaways are often high in added salt, saccharide or fat, and should simply exist eaten in moderation. See the US Section of Agriculture's food guidance organization (http://world wide web.choosemyplate.gov; accessed 30 September 2013).

Calories

A calorie is the amount of free energy required to heat 1  g of water to ane°C; yet, because this is a small energy quantity, it more than common to use the kilocalorie or Calorie – equivalent to grand calories. Energy is usually expressed either in kilojoules or in kilocalories. These ii units – joules and calories – are directly related. To catechumen ane to the other, the number of calories multiplied by 4.186 gives the number of joules; or the number of kilocalories multiplied by 4.186 gives the number of kilojoules.

Elements (Minerals) and Trace Elements

Iron (Fe) is an important component of haemoglobin. Sodium (Na), potassium (Thousand), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) are needed in large quantities to take part in physiological reactions such as nerve impulse transmission or to form bones and teeth. Trace elements vital to good health include iodine (I), which is necessary for thyroxine, and fluoride (F), which helps to protect against caries.

Vitamins

See Chapter 27.

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Diet and Disease: Healthy Choices for Disease Prevention and Diet Management

Jacqueline B. Marcus MS, RD, LD, CNS, FADA , in Culinary Nutrition, 2013

Tapioca Pudding

Ingredients	Calories	Grams of Carbohydrates
⅓ loving cup sugar	258   cal	67   g
three tablespoons tapioca	102	25
2¾ cups dairy skim milk	228	33
1 egg, well browbeaten	71	0.6
1 teaspoon vanilla	12	0.3
Totals:	671 calories	125.9 grams
Yield: 6 (½-cup) servings
Full calories: 671 calories
Full grams of carbohydrates: 125.nine grams
Grams of carbohydrates per serving: 125.9 total grams carbohydrates/6 servings = 20.98 grams of carbohydrates per (½-cup) serving

A (½-loving cup) serving of this tapioca pudding (20.98 grams of carbohydrates) could be consumed forth with i small piece of fresh fruit (15 grams of carbohydrates) at the midafternoon snack, for a total of about 35 grams of carbohydrates. By using nutritional analysis in this manner, other recipes tin can be included in diabetic meal plans.

Food Byte

A mutual misconception is that carbohydrate causes diabetes because blood saccharide is uncontrolled. People with diabetes practice need to watch their dietary sugar and total carbohydrate consumption to properly manage their blood sugar, but sugar is only i part of the carbohydrate picture. Nutritional researchers take reported that at that place is no definitive connectedness between sugar intake and the risk of developing Blazon II diabetes. A diet high in calories of all kinds, beingness overweight or obese, and an inactive lifestyle are the main chance factors. This does non mean that a person can eat sugar-laden foods without guilt. They are still high in calories, and calories count [28].

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Aspects of the Prevention of Tumors

Leon P. Bignold , in Principles of Tumors, 2015

(e) Obesity

Calories in dietary carbohydrates, triglycerides, and amino acids lonely are not carcinogenic. A possible suggestion must exist that to become obese, lack of practice and excess calorie intake are necessary [32,33]. In individuals, obesity per se may not be a causative cistron. For example, the causative factor may be in the nutrient eaten, simply may merely have its consequence if eaten in the large amounts associated with eating the backlog calories necessary to become obese. The food which is excessively ingested may incorporate an incidental excess of carcinogens—or excess inhibitors of inhibitors of naturally occurring carcinogens—which cause the tumors.

Without knowing what the carcinogens are, the value of losing weight past calorie restriction cannot be estimated. In fact, the individual may stop eating calorific foods which exercise non contain a carcinogen, and increment the intake of the food which does.

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South

Stephen W. Moore G.D. , in Griffith'south Instructions for Patients (Eighth Edition), 2011

Nutrient Analysis

Calories	1273Kcal
Protein	105 gm
Carbohydrate	166 gm
Fat	38 gm
Cholesterol	408 mg
Dietary Cobweb	44 gm
Vitamin A	1081 IU
Vitamin C	221 mg
Niacin	54 mg
Riboflavin	5.5 mg
Thiamin	three.7 mg
Calcium	1042 mg
Phosphorus	2866 mg
Atomic number 26	24.5 mg
Sodium	1778 mg

SAMPLE Carte: PHASE THREE

BREAKFAST
Cereal	Loftier-Fiber Cereal with Fat-FreeMilk
Fruit	Fresh Berries
Beverage	Decaffeinated Coffee/Tea (Fat-FreeMilk and Sugar Substitute)
Forenoon SNACK
Dairy/Vegetable	Cottage Cheese and Cucumbers
DINNER—NOON OR EVENING Repast
Meat/Breadstuff	Chicken Salad Sandwich on Whole Wheat Bread
AFTERNOON SNACK
Bread	Whole Wheat English language Muffin
SUPPER—EVENING OR Noon MEAL
Salad	Chef'south Salad
Meat/Vegetable	Broiled Sirloin Steak with Creamed Spinach
Dessert	Vanilla Pudding

Nutrient Assay

Calories	1775Kcal
Protein	140 gm
Carbohydrate	252 gm
Fat	42 gm
Cholesterol	227 mg
Dietary Fiber	51 gm
Vitamin A	1846IU
Vitamin C	284 mg
Niacin	58 mg
Riboflavin	five.8 mg
Thiamin	4.ii mg
Calcium	1421 mg
Phosphorus	3688 mg
Atomic number 26	29.7 mg
Sodium	4302 mg

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Diet

D. Burd MeD, RD , in Orthopaedic Physical Therapy Secrets (3rd Edition), 2017

v Co-ordinate to about traditional nutritional professionals, why do high-poly peptide and loftier fat diets cause weight loss?

Fewer calories are consumed on high protein and high fatty diets because proteins and fats are more filling than simple carbohydrates. The fewer calories you lot consume, the more weight y'all lose. Much of the initial weight loss is from water loss from natriuresis. Additional water loss occurs when glycogen is converted to glucose. This conversion must occur to maintain claret sugar levels. In subsequent weeks, weight loss is from body fatty, at a rate of i to 2 lbs per week. This rate is like to that obtained with other types of depression caloric diets.

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Nutritional Direction of Patients Treated with Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Horng-Ruey Chua , Rinaldo Bellomo , in Nutritional Direction of Renal Disease, 2013

Macronutrients

Calorie requirements can be measured using IC to summate EE, or estimated using predictive equations or empirically by weight [88,89]. There are limitations to these and no evidence to suggest the benefit of any method over the other. Providing 25–35 kcal/kg/day of calories with 1.5–ane.eight m/kg/24-hour interval of protein in patients with AKI on CRRT appears to allow the optimal residue betwixt protein catabolism and nitrogen balance [104]. This empirical calorie corporeality seems consistent with predicted or calculated requirement using IC [16]. Increasing calorie intake to 40 kcal/kg/day does not improve poly peptide balance, but instead leads to worsened glycemic control, increased triglycerides and volume administered [105].

CRRT fluids should comprise glucose comparable to desired plasma level of 144 to 180 mg/dL to avoid hypoglycemia or glucose variability.

The optimal protein intake is unclear, and the flexibility of adjusting intake is limited by the composition in standard enteral formulas. For case, Isosource® ane.five cal (Nestle) contains 1.5 kcal/mL of calories and xvi.9 g of poly peptide per 250 mL. Intake of 30 kcal/kg/twenty-four hour period only delivers 1.four g/kg/mean solar day of poly peptide.

Higher protein intake of two.five yard/kg/24-hour interval results in a most positive or positive nitrogen residue, and offers the only active measure to reduce the trend for poly peptide catabolism, autonomously from treating the underlying illness [51,52]. A positive nitrogen balance is associated with improved patient survival in critical affliction, merely improved survival is not a direct effect of increased protein intake [16]. Still, at that place is a progressive, dose related association between increased poly peptide intake and clinically significant comeback in renal role in critically ill patients [106]. Supplementing poly peptide to a target of 2.0–two.five grand/kg/day may exist desirable, in patients on prolonged CRRT with excessively negative nitrogen balance. Therefore, nosotros recommend infrequent monitoring of protein catabolic charge per unit and nitrogen balance in such patients. Equations to guide clinical estimations are shown in Effigy 37.three.

Effigy 37.three. Estimation of nitrogen balance and protein catabolic rate for clinical use

In that location is no testify that specific administration of essential AA in preference to general AA preparations lead to any improved clinical outcomes [107]. It is inferred from the general ICU setting, that Four glutamine supplementation of 0.3–0.5 g/kg/solar day might ameliorate effect and reduce ICU mortality for patients on total PN [108,109], and information technology is opinion-based that in CRRT a higher supplementation may be needed [110], but with caution exercised in patients with co-existing fulminant hepatic failure, whose supranormal plasma glutamine levels is linked to hyperammonemia [111]. Office of glutamine supplementation in EN is non divers.

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NUTRITIONAL Support | Adults, Parenteral

J. Binkley , ... Yard.L. Jensen , in Encyclopedia of Man Nutrition (Second Edition), 2005

Calculating Energy Needs

Calorie requirements are estimated to meet a patient's free energy requirements, which are dependent on the patient'southward size, clinical condition, concurrent organ failure, and activity level. Conclusion of the advisable energy prescription for a patient is crucial for coming together metabolic demands and helping to prevent erosion of lean trunk mass. Overzealous feeding is associated with significant risks, including difficulties with glucose command and other metabolic complications such as excessive carbon dioxide production. Common methods to estimate calorie requirements include simple weight-based algorithms (e.chiliad., 25–thirty  kcal/kg body weight/day) ( Table 5 ). The Harris–Benedict equations are too ofttimes used to estimate basal free energy expenditure (BEE) using the following formulas:

$\text{Males: BEE}\left(\text{kcal}\right)=66\text{.}5+\left[13\text{.}8\times \text{weight}\left(\text{kg}\right)\right]+\left[5\times \text{superlative}\left(\text{cm}\right)\right]-6\text{.}\mathrm{eight}\times \text{age}\left(\text{years}\right)]$

$\text{Females: BEE}\left(\text{kcal}\right)=655\text{.}1\left[\mathrm{nine}\text{.}\mathrm{half-dozen}\times \text{weight}\left(\text{kg}\right)\right]+\left[1\text{.}8\times \text{top}\left(\text{cm}\right)\right]-\left[\mathrm{iv}\text{.}7\times \text{historic period}\left(\text{years}\right)\right]$

The BEE is and so adjusted for the perceived degree of stress. Contempo trends of providing fewer calories to seriously ill patients in order to prevent complications such as hyperglycemia, hypercapnia, and hepatic steatosis take been described equally 'permissive underfeeding.' Trials take been conducted in obese hospitalized patients using hypocaloric regimens. These studies demonstrated that almost patients achieved positive nitrogen balance and improved clinically with high-protein, hypocaloric PN formulations without experiencing meaning adverse furnishings.

Tabular array 5. Determination of free energy needs

Condition	Demand (kcal/kg)
Overnourished/obese	20 (upper terminate IBW)
Maintenance	25
Undernourished	xxx
Stressed/critically ill	25

IBW, ideal torso weight.

Adapted from the National Informational Group on Standards and Practice Guidelines for Parenteral Nutrition (1998) Safe practices for parenteral diet formulations. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 22: 49–66.

When an authentic assessment of energy needs is desired, indirect calorimetry may be considered. Such patients may include those who are otherwise difficult to appraise or those who will require protracted nutrition support. A metabolic cart is used to mensurate oxygen consumption (VO₂) and carbon dioxide production (VCO₂). The modified Weir equation is used to gauge resting energy expenditure. The respiratory quotient (RQ) is determined equally RQ   = VCO₂/VO₂. The RQ gives an indication of net substrate oxidation, with RQ   >   1.0 consistent with carbohydrate oxidation associated with overfeeding, and RQ   <   0.68 consequent with lipid oxidation or starvation ketosis. Gas leaks or elevated FiO₂ requirements (>   0.60%) are common limitations to this approach.

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